1934, Freud im Garten Grinzing What Is Psychology

27/10/03

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Psychology comes from the Greek words ‘psyche’ which means ‘mind’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘the study of’; psychology is therefore the study of the mind. Psychology is thought to be the scientific study of human and animal mental processes. Psychology, as we now know it, developed from research in biology and philosophy during the 1800s.

There are a number of views on the nature of psychology. However, the main opinion is that psychology is a multi–disciplinary subject with a scientific orientation, that uses a number of different approaches. These different approaches complement one another. Thus, in the study of memory, the experimental approach enables psychologists to measure in the laboratory the effect of variables on, for example, the ability to recall under different conditions. Although this may be an artificial setting, such findings can be applied to everyday life, in the form of using mnemonic techniques. Cognitive psychologists try to imagine how different memory systems might work together, suggesting that we have for example, two different memory stores — one for short-term and one for long-term remembering. Physiological psychologists also investigate memory by trying to find which parts of the brain are involved with the storage of memories There is a link between research into memory and the psychoanalytic approach. One of the theories of why we forget includes motivated forgetting, which suggests that certain emotionally charged memories (such as abuse as a child) may be forgotten on purpose (i.e. repressed).

 

The scientific method

Psychologists have tried to understand human behaviour and mental life using the scientific method. This uses empirical evidence (or data) in order to test theories and hypotheses. The scientific method is usually associated with the use of the experiment. An experiment is a simplified version of the real world, where behaviour can be examined while altering one thing (or variable) at a time. If this alteration is followed by a change in the behaviour being studied, then a cause and effect relationship is revealed. For example, if we have an hypothesis that it helps to listen to music while revising, participants might be asked to learn a list of words with music and then another similar list in silence, under controlled conditions in the laboratory. If they improve with the music, our hypothesis is confirmed: listening to music causes an improvement in remembering.

However, experiments are sometimes inappropriate or impossible. In such cases a number of other methods are used to collect data. Such methods include naturalistic and controlled observations, correlational studies, surveys and case histories. These will be covered in detail if you decide to study the course.

 

Common-sense versus scientific explanations

Many people believe that human nature can be understood without having to be trained in psychology. They attempt to draw conclusions about human nature on the basis of whatever evidence is available to them. This might include observing how people react in various situations; what is said about behaviour in works of literature; as well as their own awareness of their own thoughts and feelings. This ‘common-sense’ psychology undoubtedly helps us to understand the environment around us. It enables us to anticipate events and react appropriately to them. However, this approach can be unreliable. It can lead to false conclusions and incorrect choices of action. It can also contain many contradictions, e.g. as summed up in the proverbs ‘Birds of a feather flock together’ and ‘Opposites attract’ — surely both of these cannot be correct!

 

Limitations of the scientific method

While most psychologists would consider that the scientific method is considered to be the most reliable way of unravelling the complexities of human behaviour, it is does have limitations. The scientific method can sometimes oversimplify behaviour, or just concentrates on a very narrow aspect of behaviour. In the controlled and artificial situation of the experiment, behaviour may differ from real life. There are also ethical considerations, particularly when putting participants in a laboratory to conduct experiments on them and asking them to carry out unusual tasks — this may dehumanise them.

Psychology is therefore eclectic and uses a wide range of approaches. No one approach is necessarily superior to another. In fact, each contributes to our overall knowledge, and psychology benefits from all of them.

 

Key approaches in psychology

Psychology had its origins in Ancient Greece in the work of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. During the early 1800s, research into the natural sciences (chemistry, physics, biology) was initiated and this research led to an interest in the behaviour of humans and other animals. Physiologists carried out investigations into the structure and function of the nervous system, whilst physicists found relationships between physical stimuli and the sensations they produced. However, it was not until the first psychological laboratory was founded in 1879 that psychology began to be seen as a science. Since then, psychologists have studied behaviour from many different approaches, some of which are considered in detail during the lessons.

 

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