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Psychology comes from the Greek words ‘psyche’
which means ‘mind’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘the study of’; psychology
is therefore the study of the mind. Psychology is thought to be the
scientific study of human and animal mental processes. Psychology, as we now
know it, developed from research in biology and philosophy during the 1800s.
There are a number of views on the
nature of psychology. However, the main opinion is that psychology is a
multi–disciplinary subject with a scientific orientation, that uses a number
of different approaches. These different approaches complement one another.
Thus, in the study of memory, the experimental approach enables
psychologists to measure in the laboratory the effect of variables on, for
example, the ability to recall under different conditions. Although this may
be an artificial setting, such findings can be applied to everyday life, in
the form of using mnemonic techniques. Cognitive psychologists try to
imagine how different memory systems might work together, suggesting that we
have for example, two different memory stores — one for short-term and one
for long-term remembering. Physiological psychologists also
investigate memory by trying to find which parts of the brain are involved
with the storage of memories There is a link between research into memory
and the psychoanalytic approach. One of the theories of why we forget
includes motivated forgetting, which suggests that certain emotionally
charged memories (such as abuse as a child) may be forgotten on purpose
(i.e. repressed).
The scientific method
Psychologists have tried to understand
human behaviour and mental life using the scientific method. This
uses empirical evidence (or data) in order to test theories and
hypotheses. The scientific method is usually associated with the use of the
experiment. An experiment is a simplified version of the real world,
where behaviour can be examined while altering one thing (or variable) at a
time. If this alteration is followed by a change in the behaviour being
studied, then a cause and effect relationship is revealed. For
example, if we have an hypothesis that it helps to listen to music while
revising, participants might be asked to learn a list of words with music
and then another similar list in silence, under controlled conditions in the
laboratory. If they improve with the music, our hypothesis is confirmed:
listening to music causes an improvement in remembering.
However, experiments are sometimes
inappropriate or impossible. In such cases a number of other methods are
used to collect data. Such methods include naturalistic and controlled
observations, correlational studies, surveys and case histories. These will
be covered in detail if you decide to study the course.
Common-sense versus scientific explanations
Many people believe that human nature
can be understood without having to be trained in psychology. They attempt
to draw conclusions about human nature on the basis of whatever evidence is
available to them. This might include observing how people react in various
situations; what is said about behaviour in works of literature; as well as
their own awareness of their own thoughts and feelings. This ‘common-sense’
psychology undoubtedly helps us to understand the environment around us. It
enables us to anticipate events and react appropriately to them. However,
this approach can be unreliable. It can lead to false conclusions and
incorrect choices of action. It can also contain many contradictions, e.g.
as summed up in the proverbs ‘Birds of a feather flock together’ and
‘Opposites attract’ — surely both of these cannot be correct!
Limitations of the scientific method
While most psychologists would consider
that the scientific method is considered to be the most reliable way of
unravelling the complexities of human behaviour, it is does have
limitations. The scientific method can sometimes oversimplify behaviour, or
just concentrates on a very narrow aspect of behaviour. In the controlled
and artificial situation of the experiment, behaviour may differ from real
life. There are also ethical considerations, particularly when
putting participants in a laboratory to conduct experiments on them and
asking them to carry out unusual tasks — this may dehumanise them.
Psychology is therefore eclectic and
uses a wide range of approaches. No one approach is necessarily superior to
another. In fact, each contributes to our overall knowledge, and psychology
benefits from all of them.
Key approaches in psychology
Psychology had its origins in Ancient
Greece in the work of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
During the early 1800s, research into the natural sciences (chemistry,
physics, biology) was initiated and this research led to an interest in the
behaviour of humans and other animals. Physiologists carried out
investigations into the structure and function of the nervous system, whilst
physicists found relationships between physical stimuli and the sensations
they produced. However, it was not until the first psychological laboratory
was founded in 1879 that psychology began to be seen as a science. Since
then, psychologists have studied behaviour from many different approaches,
some of which are considered in detail during the lessons.

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